## CS 3 (Spring 2022)Project 01: Bouncing Star

In this project, you will begin your physics engine by starting to build the underlying data structures. You will also implement a simple simulation of a star bouncing across the screen.

# Goals and Deliverables

In this project, you will begin writing the codebase you will be working with over the next several weeks. As groups combine, we will ask you to choose pieces of each person’s codebase; so, it is entirely possible that you will still be using some of this code in week 10 of the term. This week, you will build primitive physics engine objects, a data structure, and a simulation that uses your work.

• The two most primitive things to represent are two-dimensional vectors and polygons. You will implement the base of both of these this week.
• The main data structure we will need is an ArrayList. This week, you will write a simple wrapper for an array, and you will extend it to be more useful in future weeks.
• We think it is important to “see” your work as you go. So, every week, we will ask you to write a small simulation that uses the work you’ve completed that week. These will get ever closer to “correct” physics as we go! This week, you will make a star that bounces off of the walls of the screen.

# vector_t

Last week, you wrote a simple set of functions that dynamically allocated memory for a (2D) vector_t using malloc, freed this memory, and added two vector_ts. For all the reasons discussed in class, it is not ideal to allocate all the vector_ts this way. So, this week, you’ll be writing a more extensive set of functions that act directly on vector_ts that are not pointers. Your vector_t will eventually represent position, velocity, acceleration, and other vector quantities in your physics engine.

# vec_list_t

In CS 2, you may remember that we created an ArrayList in Java from scratch, making it auto-resizable and generic. We will eventually get to the same place in C, but, because C doesn’t provide as nice abstractions as Java, it’s going to take us a few weeks. This week, since we only need to represent a single polygon, all we need is a fixed-size ArrayList of vector_t *s. Notice that we are using pointers, not values here! This will be important later.

# Polygons

A polygon can be represented as a fixed-size vec_list_t. We will take the convention that a polygon’s vertices are stored in a counter-clockwise order.

# Bouncing Star

Finally, the fun part! Now, you get to build a graphical simulation of a star bouncing around the screen!

## Ticks and the Main Run Loop

We’re going to be working through a lot of graphics-related code in this class, so it’s important to understand the basic concepts behind drawing graphical content to the screen.

When we talk about graphics in the context of writing software, we are dealing with computing the contents of individual frames in real-time, clearing the canvas of the previous frame, and drawing the new computed frame, all at regular intervals. If you want your graphics to look realistic, you need to have a reasonable measurement of the time between frames, since our goal is to generate a graphical representation that is independent of the speed at which frames are processed by the computer. This is why low frame rates in graphics-intensive games result in a scene that is choppy – each frame encompasses a large amount of real-world time, causing objects to move large distances in each frame. The most basic implementation of a graphical application, then, looks as follows:

while app_is_running:
dt = time_since_last_frame()
object_pos = compute_new_positions(object_pos, dt)

clear_screen()
draw_frame_offscreen()
display_frame()


We’ve provided a few helper functions to help facilitate writing these functions, you can see how they interface with the lower-level SDL2 library in sdl_wrapper.c.

## Files of Importance

The above basic loop is implemented in emscripten.c, which relies on a number of functions you will write in your demos - namely, emscripten_init, emscripten_main, and emscripten_free. emscripten.c serves as the basic functionality of all our demos - you do not need to modify this file. Notably, because emscripten.c implements the main while loop described above, your bounce.c file should not have a main loop.

The header file for the functions you write in your demo is state.h, which tells emscripten.c that thse three functions are properly defined elsewhere. You do not need to write a state.c file - you should write the three functions in the header in your bounce.c demo as mentioned above. Notably, state.h also includes an opaque type definition for a “state”. This is a struct that you will define in each of your demos (here, in bounce.c). This state struct is how you will pass information between your three functions - anything you initialize in emscripten-init that you need in your emscripten_main loop should be put in this state accordingly and returned. You are responsible for defining the state’s parameters, malloc’ing it in emscripten_init and freeing it in emscripten_free.

Using the basic breakdown of the files above, and the documentation in sdl_wrapper.h and state.h, you should be able to get a good idea of how to implement a graphical application in C, using our wrapper library. For a reference of a working demo that uses this overarching structure, please consult https://gitlab.caltech.edu/cs3-22sp/emscripten-demo. Although it does not use the same abstractions, the circle.c demo works with emscripten.c and state.h in the same way you will.

## A Bouncing Polygon

We are going to specifically be implementing a simulation consisting of a 5-sided star bouncing around the window while rotating. However, since we have not implemented the “physics” part of our physics engine, yet, we’ll be implementing collisions with the window as perfectly elastic collisions that reverse the velocity in the collision direction. In other words, if the star is moving towards the top wall and collides with it, its y-velocity will change direction.

In your bounce file, you should write your emscripten_init to initialize everything you need for the demo, including the SDL window itself (you will find functions in sdl_wrapper.c to be useful here). Then, in emscripten_main, you should update the position and velocity of your star at each frame using this rule, and the time elapsed since the last frame. You should also have your star rotate at a constant rate throughout your animation. When the demo exits, emscripten_free is called, so you should write this function to clean up all the memory you allocated in the demo.

As always, you should practice good procedural decomposition. Hard-coding a star shape is not acceptable; write code to generate the star for you. Make sure this code is extensible– we might ask you to make a small alteration to your demo during the code review!

## Running and Testing your Code: make and the Makefile

In project 0, you used clang to compile your one-file C programs. Going forward, our project will consist of many C files. It is important to organize projects carefully to help reduce the complexity that comes with larger programs. Your physics library will have the following directory structure:

• include: header files go here
• library: source files for your libraries (e.g., vec_list, polygon, etc.)
• demo: source files for the demos go here
• tests: test source files go here
• out: built object files will be generated here
• bin: built binaries will be generated ere

We have provided you with a Makefile which is set up to build the project. It allows you to run the following commands:

• make all: compile all libraries, demos, and tests, and run the web server
• make NO_ASAN=true all compiles everything without asan - this is recommended for running demos
• make test: compile all libraries and tests and run all the tests
• make server: Run the web server with the current binaries
• make clean: remove all generated binaries

This year, we will be testing demos via a web interface hosted on labradoodle, using a library called emscripten.
Every student has been assigned a port, which you can see after running make all or make server, or by running cs3-port in a shell on labradoodle. To run your demo, you should run make all or make server and then navigate to the link printed to the shell (the last line before “Serving HTTP on …”) and click the compiled demo .html file.

To run all the tests, all you need to type is make test. To run compile and run an individual test suite, run the following commands (replacing vector with the test suite you want to run) :

make bin/test_suite_vector
./bin/test_suite_vector